Josephus on Jesus: What the Ancient Historian Really Said (and Why It Matters)

The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus mentioned Jesus twice in his “Antiquities of the Jews”—most notably in the Testimonium Flavianum, where he acknowledged Jesus as a wise man who did remarkable deeds and was the Messiah, and again in reference to James, “the brother of Jesus who was called Christ.” While parts of the Testimonium Flavianum were likely altered by later Christian scribes, the scholarly consensus is that the core of the passage is authentic and confirms that Jesus was a real historical figure whose life and impact were recognized even by non-Christian historians in the first century. This extra-biblical testimony powerfully affirms what scripture already declares: Jesus Christ lived, died, and rose again as the Son of God (John 1:14, 1 Corinthians 15:3–4).

When skeptics question the reality of Jesus Christ, they often overlook a remarkable witness from outside the pages of Scripture — a first-century Jewish historian whose words have endured for nearly two millennia. His name was Josephus, and what he wrote about Jesus remains one of the most discussed and debated passages in ancient history. Whether you are a new believer curious about historical evidence or a mature Christian looking to strengthen your understanding of the faith, the record of josephus on jesus offers an extraordinary bridge between the world of biblical truth and secular history. In this article, we will explore the Testimonium Flavianum, what scholars have uncovered about it, and why Josephus’s testimony — God being sovereign — still points us to the risen Savior, the Lord Jesus Christ.

Many Christians are familiar with the accounts of the apostles and the early church, yet fewer have examined the non-Christian sources that confirm the person and work of Jesus. Josephus, a historian writing in the decades after Christ’s earthly ministry, offers a perspective that is unique and historically significant. His writings, particularly the testimonium flavianum, give us a glimpse into how the early world understood Jesus — not as a myth, but as a real figure who performed mighty deeds, who was crucified under Pontius Pilate, and whose followers refused to abandon Him even after His death. As we walk through his testimony together, you will discover that faith is not built on blind hope. It is grounded in the living Word of God and confirmed by those who were there. Let us begin by getting to know Josephus himself and understanding why his words have mattered to believers for centuries.

Who Was Josephus and Why Does His Testimony Matter?

Josephus: A Brief Background

Who was Flavius Josephus? Why should Christians care about an ancient historian? The answers will strengthen your faith.

Josephus was a first-century Jewish historian. He was born in Jerusalem just three years after the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Furthermore, he lived until approximately 100 AD. As a result, he was a contemporary of the early church and the apostles.

Initially, Josephus was a Jewish military leader. He fought against Rome during the Jewish Revolt. However, the Romans captured him eventually. Later, he became a Roman citizen and received patronage from Emperor Vespasian. Therefore, he had access to imperial records and firsthand accounts of Jewish history.

Josephus wrote several important works. These include The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews. In his writings, he documented over one thousand years of Jewish history. Consequently, his works serve as a vital bridge between the Old and New Testaments.

Key facts about Josephus:

• Born: 37 AD in Jerusalem ^[1]
• Died: Circa 100 AD
• Wrote: Antiquities of the Jews, The Jewish War, Against Apion, The Life of Flavius Josephus
• Lived during: The generation following the life of Jesus of Nazareth

Why Christians Value His Writings

Christians value Josephus highly. His writings are not inspired Scripture. Nevertheless, they provide powerful external confirmation of the gospel message.

First, Josephus confirms the existence of Jesus Christ. He mentions Jesus directly in the Testimonium Flavianum (Antiquities 18.3.3). This reference is one of the most important non-Christian attestations of Jesus in history. It bridges the gap between the Bible and secular history.

Second, Josephus verifies key biblical figures. He mentions John the Baptist, Herod the Great, Pontius Pilate, and James the brother of Jesus. Consequently, these references align perfectly with what we read in the Gospels. The historical reliability of the Bible is truly reinforced.

Third, Josephus provides cultural context. He describes Jewish customs, religious factions, and political tensions of the first century. As a result, readers of the Bible gain a richer understanding of the time Jesus walked the earth. The world of the New Testament comes alive through his descriptions.

Ultimately, Josephus matters because he points us to the real Jesus. He was not a follower of Christ. Yet, he still recorded Jesus’ impact on the world. In fact, Jesus truly did something so world-changing that even His enemies could not ignore it.

References a Christian reader should know:

• John the Baptist: Referenced in Antiquities 18.5.2 ^[2]
• James the brother of Jesus: Referenced in Antiquities 20.9.1
• Jesus Christ: Referenced in Antiquities 18.3.3 (the Testimonium Flavianum)

Jesus asked, “Who do you say I am?” (Matthew 16:15). Josephus’s testimony helps us answer that question boldly. Jesus is not a myth. He is the Son of God, risen from the dead, and living forever.

What Did Josephus Actually Say About Jesus?

The Testimonium Flavianum (Antiquities 18.3.3)

When we talk about what Josephus said about Jesus, the passage most people refer to is called the Testimonium Flavianum. It appears in Book 18, Chapter 3, Section 3 of Josephus’s work Antiquities of the Jews. Written around 93–94 AD, this passage is one of the earliest non-Christian references to Jesus Christ. ^[1]

The passage, in its fullest preserved form, mentions:

• Jesus as a wise man
• Jesus as a worker of surprising deeds
• His name being attached to a group called “Christians”
• His crucifixion under Pontius Pilate, after being accused by leading men among the Jews
• His followers not abandoning their devotion to Him
• A reference to Him being the Christ

Church historians have long recognized that a neutral Jewish historian like Josephus would likely not have confessed Jesus as the Messiah outright. The early Church fathers Origen and Eusebius both referenced this passage, with Eusebius quoting it in the form most Christians are familiar with today. ^[3]

So what can we confidently say? Even if a Christian scribe slightly enhanced the text here and there, virtually all scholars — including skeptical ones — agree the core reference to Jesus is authentic. The passage affirms that Jesus was a real historical figure. It confirms He performed remarkable works. And it records that He was crucified under Pontius Pilate.

For believers, this is powerful. A Jewish historian writing for a Roman audience had no theological reason to fabricate Jesus’s existence. His testimony lines up beautifully with what we read in the Gospels. As Luke 1:1–4 tells us, many undertook to compile accounts of the things fulfilled among us — and Josephus’s independent witness supports exactly that.

The James Reference (Antiquities 20.9.1)

Many scholars consider the second passage where Josephus mentions Jesus to be even more reliable. Found in Book 20, Chapter 9, Section 1, it describes the execution of James, “the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ.” This passage is far less disputed than the Testimonium Flavianum. Its straightforward, almost passing reference to Jesus signals that Josephus assumed his readers already knew who Jesus was.

Here is what this passage tells us:

• James was a real person and was executed around 62 AD by the high priest Ananus
• James was known as the brother of Jesus
• Jesus was known by the title “Christ” (meaning Anointed One)
• Josephus did not need to explain who Jesus was — He was already well-known

This is significant. Josephus was not a Christian. He was a Pharisee with no personal stake in promoting the faith. Yet he casually connects James to Jesus as a way of identifying the man being executed. By doing so, he confirms two crucial facts: Jesus was known as Christ, and His family members were prominent enough to be noteworthy in public records.

Furthermore, this passage aligns perfectly with the New Testament record. The Gospels tell us that Jesus had brothers, and James went on to become a leader in the early Church in Jerusalem (Acts 15:13–21; Galatians 1:19). Josephus’s independent account confirms this without any need for Christian editorializing.

Together, these two passages — the Testimonium Flavianum and the James reference — form a remarkable bridge between the Gospel accounts and the wider world of first-century history. They remind us that the story of Jesus was never confined to a single text or a single community. Jesus Christ was, and is, a figure of history whose impact could not be hidden.

Is the Testimonium Flavianum Authentic?

The Case for Partial Authenticity

The Testimonium Flavianum — Josephus’s famous passage about Jesus in Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.3 — is one of the most debated texts in all of ancient history. Skeptics often claim the entire passage was forged by later Christians. However, most scholars today do not take such an extreme position. Instead, they hold to what is called the partial authenticity view. This means that Josephus did write something about Jesus, but Christian scribes later added certain phrases that sound too “Christian” for a Jewish historian to have written.

For example, the Greek manuscript version of the passage calls Jesus “the Christ” or “the Messiah” and says “He was the Christ.” As a whole, these statements present Jesus in a way that affirms His Messiahship. Furthermore, the passage refers to Jesus as “a wise man, if indeed one might call him a man.” Additionally, it states that Jesus “was a doer of startling deeds” and notes that “the tribe of Christians has not ceased to this day.” Each of these phrases reads like a believer’s testimony — not a skeptical Jewish historian’s reporting. ^[4]

However, the rest of the passage contains neutral historical facts. It mentions Jesus’ brother James. It refers to Jesus being condemned to death by Pilate. It notes that Jesus’ followers remained faithful to Him. These facts are consistent with Josephus’s style. They also align with what we know from the Gospels. As a result, most scholars believe a shorter, more restrained original account was later expanded by Christian copyists.

What did Josephus likely say originally? Scholars have reconstructed a probable original that reads something like this:

• Jesus was a wise man
• He performed surprising deeds
• He drew over many Jews and many of the Greeks
• When Pilate condemned him to the cross, those who had loved him did not cease to do so
• The tribe of Christians has not yet disappeared

For believers, this is wonderful news. Even with the Christian additions removed, Josephus — a first-century Jewish historian — confirms that Jesus was a real person who performed remarkable deeds. He also confirms Jesus was crucified under Pilate and that His followers remained devoted to Him. ^[5]

What Scholars Agree On

Despite the debate over specific words, there is remarkable agreement among scholars — both Christian and non-Christian — on several key points about the Testimonium Flavianum. This shared ground is extremely important for Christians evaluating this ancient evidence.

Here is what virtually all scholars across the theological spectrum accept:

Point of Agreement	Explanation
Josephus wrote something about Jesus	Even the most skeptical historians agree Josephus referenced Jesus at least briefly in Antiquities 18.
Jesus was a historical figure	Josephus confirms Jesus lived, was crucified under Pilate, and had followers who remained loyal to Him.
The James passage is authentic	The reference to “James, the brother of Jesus called Christ” in Antiquities 20.9.1 is accepted as genuine by nearly all scholars.
Some interpolations exist	Even secular scholars acknowledge that certain Christian phrases were likely inserted into the surviving Greek text.

Furthermore, it is worth noting that no early critic ever questioned the basic existence of Jesus. The early enemies of Christianity — both Jewish and Roman — never claimed Jesus was a made-up figure. Instead, they attacked His followers and tried to explain away His miracles. Even Celsus, one of the most vocal ancient critics of Christianity, never denied Jesus was a real person who lived and was crucified. ^[6]

For Christians, this scholarly consensus is deeply encouraging. The basic historical testimony about Jesus stands firm. Josephus supports the Gospel accounts. He confirms Jesus was a real historical figure who lived and died in Roman Palestine. As John 1:14 reminds us, “The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us.” The historical record — even from non-Christian sources — points us to this truth.

What the Arabic Version Reveals

In the discovery of an Arabic version of the Testimonium Flavianum, scholars found a breakthrough. This manuscript was preserved in the 10th-century chronicle of Agapius, a Christian Arab bishop. It presents a version of the passage that is notably different from the Greek manuscripts. ^[7]

The Arabic version does include positive references to Jesus. However, it omits some of the most obviously Christian phrases found in the Greek text. For instance, the explicit claim that Jesus “was the Christ” is absent. Likewise, the phrase “if indeed one might call him a man” — which implies His divine nature — is not present. Even the statement about Jesus’ miraculous deeds is rendered in more restrained language.

This is what the Arabic version appears to preserve — a more neutral, historically restrained account that a Jewish historian writing for a Roman audience might actually have written. In other words, the Arabic text may bring us closer to Josephus’s original words before Christian scribes expanded the passage.

Here is a simplified comparison of key differences:

• Greek version: “He was the Christ” — Arabic version: This phrase is not present
• Greek version: “If indeed one might call him a man” — Arabic version: No such implication of divinity
• Greek version: “He appeared to them alive again the third day” (resurrection claim) — Arabic version: Significantly more restrained language
• Both versions: Jesus was crucified, had followers, and was a notable figure in his time

For Christians, the Arabic version is a gift. It confirms that even stripped of later additions, Josephus’s testimony still supports the historical Jesus. The man who lived, died, and whose followers remained faithful — that man is Jesus Christ, the Son of God. As Acts 2:22 declares, “Jesus of Nazareth was a man accredited by God to you by miracles, wonders and signs, which God did among you through him.” Josephus’s words, even in their most restrained form, are consistent with the biblical portrait of our Lord.

For those seeking to deepen their faith, the Testimonium Flavianum — in any version — serves as a powerful confirmation. Even secular scholarship affirms Jesus existed, was crucified under Pontius Pilate, and had devoted followers who spread His teachings throughout the known world. The testimony of Josephus, a first-century historian who had no reason to promote Christianity, aligns beautifully with the Gospel record. Furthermore, the partial authenticity of the passage only strengthens the case. Even with the most skeptical reading, the core historical facts remain. Josephus still tells us Jesus was real. He still tells us Jesus’ followers loved Him so deeply they followed Him to the cross. And He still tells us that love never died.

That enduring love — the love that Josephus stumbled onto in his historical research — is the love of Jesus Christ. It is the love that conquered the grave. As Romans 5:8 proclaims, “But God demonstrates his own love for us in this: While we were still sinners, Christ died for us.” Josephus’s words point us to a man who changed history. And the Bible tells us that man was — and is — the Son of God.

Did Jesus and Josephus Live at the Same Time?

The answer to this question is a simple yes. Jesus of Nazareth and the historian Flavius Josephus were indeed real people who lived in the same ancient world.

The Timeline of Jesus and Josephus

Understanding their timeline helps show that Josephus wrote about events and people he lived through or heard about directly.

• The Life of Jesus: Jesus lived from roughly 4 BC to AD 33, ministering in the Roman province of Judea.
• The Life of Josephus: Josephus was born in AD 37, just a few years after Jesus’ crucifixion and glorious resurrection.

According to the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, the historical period Jesus and Josephus inhabited was meticulously documented across Roman and Jewish records.^[8]

Not Contemporaries, but a Consecutive Witness

While they lived in close succession, Josephus and Jesus did not meet face-to-face. Since Josephus was born after Jesus’ time on earth, he is not an eyewitness to Jesus’ earthly ministry.

However, this makes him an incredibly valuable source. As someone who lived shortly after Jesus, Josephus wrote when thousands of eyewitnesses to Jesus’ life and resurrection were still alive. He did not write out of ignorance; he wrote with access to those who knew Jesus personally.

Josephus as a Historical Confirmation

Josephus is the most significant non-Christian historian who references Jesus. He is a powerful testimony that Jesus was not a fictional character invented later.

Here is what historians and theologians agree on regarding his writings:

• Jesus was a real person: Josephus confirms Jesus was a wise man who did surprising deeds.
• Jesus gathered a following: He attracted both Jews and Gentiles.
• Jesus was crucified under Pilate: This aligns perfectly with the Gospel accounts.
• Jesus’ followers remained loyal: They did not abandon their faith after His death.

These facts appear his famous passage called the Testimonium Flavianum. This passage, found in his work Antiquities of the Jews, is perhaps the most debated ancient text regarding Jesus.^[9]

While some skeptics debate the exact wording of the Testimonium Flavianum, the core historical details cannot be erased. Josephus confirms Jesus lived, died, and inspired a movement that transformed the world. We can trust because historical evidence affirms the Gospel of Jesus Christ. The apostle Paul reminds us: “If Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile” (1 Corinthians 15:17). Yet we know Christ is risen, and history points to this beautiful truth.

Did Josephus Say Jesus Did Miracles?

What Josephus Wrote About Jesus’ Miracles

When we read the Testimonium Flavianum, a key passage in the works of Josephus, we encounter a fascinating question: Did this ancient Jewish historian actually mention Jesus performing miracles? Let’s look closely at what the text says and what scholars have found.

In the Testimonium Flavianum (found in Antiquities of the Jews, Book 18, Chapter 3), Josephus describes Jesus as a man who performed “surprising deeds” or “wondrous works.” The original Greek text uses language that many scholars acknowledge refers, at least in part, to miraculous acts. However, the precise wording has been debated for centuries.

• The surviving Greek manuscripts state that Jesus was a worker of “paradoxa erga” or astonishing deeds.
• Later Arabic versions of the text describe Jesus as known for performing “deeds of healing and wonders” more explicitly.
• Christian scribes who preserved Josephus’s works may have expanded the miracle claims over time.

What the Scholarly Consensus Tells Us

Most biblical scholars agree on several important points regarding this passage and the question of miracles:

Scholarly View	Likelihood of Referring to Miracles
Original core text by Josephus	Possibly referenced Jesus’ notable deeds, language may have been modest or neutral
Christian-expanded versions	More explicit references to miracles and supernatural works
Arabic manuscript tradition	Preserved a version that described healing and wonders distinctly

This table summarizes how different manuscript traditions handle the miracle language. The variations prevent us from stating definitively that Josephus wrote exactly what appears in our modern Greek texts. [10]

The Bible’s Witness Overflows With Evidence

Even if Josephus’s text remains debated, Scripture itself gives us extensive, eyewitness testimony about Jesus’ miracles. The Gospel writers recorded numerous accounts of Jesus healing the sick, casting out demons, calming storms, walking on water, and ultimately rising from the dead.

• Matthew chapters 8-9 document multiple healings including lepers being cured and the blind receiving sight.
• Mark gives detailed accounts of Jesus feeding five thousand people with only five loaves and two fish.
• John records the raising of Lazarus from the dead, a miracle that pointed directly to Jesus’ divine authority over death itself.

Second Timothy 3:16 reminds us that “All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness.” The biblical account stands firm regardless of what any ancient historian may have recorded.

What Matters Most for Our Faith

While historical sources like Josephus do provide fascinating external evidence, our faith rests on the authority of God’s Word. The miracles of Jesus recorded in Scripture were witnessed by hundreds of people. First Corinthians 15:6 tells us that Jesus appeared to more than five hundred people at one time after His resurrection.

Furthermore, the Gospel miracle accounts are consistent with Jesus’ own claims about His divine identity. When questioned by John the Baptist’s disciples, Jesus replied: “Go back to John and tell him what you have heard and seen — the blind receive sight, the lame walk, those who have leprosy are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the good news is proclaimed to the poor” (Matthew 11:4-5).

In addition, Acts 2:22 records Peter’s sermon where he tells the crowds: “Jesus of Nazareth was a man accredited by God to you by miracles, wonders and signs, which God did among you through him, as you yourselves know.” The early church knew the reality of these works firsthand.

Strengthening Our Confidence

In conclusion, did Josephus specifically say Jesus did miracles? The surviving texts suggest some recognition of Jesus’ remarkable deeds. However, the extent of the original wording remains uncertain due to manuscript variations.

Nonetheless, for believers, we do not depend solely on external sources to confirm what Scripture already declares. John 20:29 offers Jesus’ own words: “Blessed are those who have not seen and yet have believed.” Our faith is built on the rock-solid testimony of God’s Word and the risen Christ who reigns forever.

As we study sources like the Testimonium Flavianum, we appreciate any historical confirmation. Yet we recognize that the Gospels give us ample, Spirit-inspired truth. Jesus performed miracles that saved souls and revealed His glory, and He offers that same saving grace to all who call upon His name today.

What Is the Oldest Written Mention of Jesus?

Paul’s Letters: The Earliest Christian Writings

When believers look for the oldest written mention of Jesus, they might assume it comes from the Gospels. However, that is not the case. The earliest New Testament writings are actually the letters of the Apostle Paul.

Most scholars date Paul’s first letters to around 49–50 A.D. ^[11]. His first letter to the Corinthians is considered one of his earliest works. In it, Paul references the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ (1 Corinthians 15:3–4).

These letters were written roughly 15 to 20 years after Jesus’ crucifixion. That is remarkably close to the events themselves. Paul had personal encounters with eyewitnesses, including the apostle Peter and James, the brother of Jesus (Galatians 1:18–19).

Here is why Paul’s letters matter so much:

• They predate the Gospels. Paul’s letters were written before any of the four Gospels were completed.
• They affirm core Christian beliefs. Paul clearly teaches that Jesus is the Son of God who died for our sins and rose again.
• They show early creedal statements. In 1 Corinthians 15:3–8, Paul quotes what many scholars believe was an early Christian creed, possibly originating just a few years after the resurrection.
• They confirm eyewitness testimony. Paul names specific individuals who witnessed the risen Christ, grounding the Christian faith in real history.

For believers, this is powerful confirmation. The Gospel message was not invented decades later. From the very beginning, followers of Jesus proclaimed His divinity, His sacrificial death, and His glorious resurrection. As Paul writes, “For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that He was buried, that He was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures” (1 Corinthians 15:3–4, ESV).

Josephus and Tacitus: Key Non-Christian Sources

While Paul’s letters are the earliest Christian writings about Jesus, historians also point to important non-Christian sources that confirm Jesus’ existence and impact. The two most significant are the Jewish historian Josephus and the Roman historian Tacitus.

These sources matter because they were not followers of Jesus. They had no reason to promote Christian faith. Yet they acknowledged that Jesus was a real historical figure who made a profound impact on the ancient world.

Josephus: A Jewish Historian’s Testimony

Josephus was a first-century Jewish historian who wrote extensively about Jewish history and the Roman world. His two major works, The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews, contain references to Jesus.

The most famous passage is called the Testimonium Flavianum, found in Antiquities 18.3.3. While scholars debate how much of this passage was later edited by Christian scribes, most agree that Josephus did write something about Jesus. As noted earlier in this article, the passage mentions Jesus as a wise man, a worker of miracles, and the Messiah who was crucified under Pontius Pilate but appeared alive again on the third day.

Additionally, Josephus mentions James, “the brother of Jesus who was called the Christ” in Antiquities 20.9.1 (referenced as Antiquities 20.200 in some editions). This reference is widely accepted as authentic by both Christian and secular scholars alike. ^[12]

The fact that a Jewish historian like Josephus acknowledged Jesus as a real person is significant. Judaism and Christianity have fundamental theological differences about Jesus’ identity. Yet Josephus still recognized Jesus as a historical figure of great importance.

Tacitus: A Roman Perspective

Tacitus was a Roman historian who wrote around 116 A.D. in his work Annals. He recorded how Emperor Nero blamed Christians for the great fire of Rome in 64 A.D. In doing so, Tacitus mentioned the founder of Christianity:

“Christus, from whom the name [Christians] had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus.” (Annals 15.44) ^[13]

This is remarkable. A Roman historian writing from a position of authority confirmed that Jesus was a real person. He also confirmed Jesus was executed under Pontius Pilate — exactly as the Gospels record.

What These Sources Together Tell Us

When we bring all of this evidence together, a clear picture emerges. Jesus Christ is not a myth or a legend. He is a historical figure confirmed by multiple independent sources.

Source	Date (Approx.)	Key Information About Jesus
Paul’s Letters	49–55 A.D.	Jesus died for sins, was buried, and rose on the third day; eyewitnesses confirmed His resurrection
Gospels (Mark, Matthew, Luke, John)	65–100 A.D.	Detailed accounts of Jesus’ life, ministry, death, and resurrection
Josephus	93–94 A.D.	Jesus was a wise man, crucified under Pontius Pilate, and His followers called Him the Christ
Tacitus	116 A.D.	Christus was executed under Pontius Pilate during Tiberius’ reign; His followers were called Christians

As followers of Christ, we are not asked to believe blindly. We have every reason to place our faith in Jesus — not only because of the transformative power of the Gospel in our lives but because history itself testifies to His reality. As the apostle Peter declared on the day of Pentecost, “This Jesus, delivered over according to the definite plan and foreknowledge of God, you crucified and killed by the hands of lawless men. God raised Him up, loosing the pangs of death” (Acts 2:23–24, ESV).

The oldest written mentions of Jesus all point to the same truth: He is the risen Lord, the Savior of the world, and the promised Messiah who fulfilled the Scriptures.

What Did Tacitus Say About Jesus?

When we explore what historians outside the Bible said about Jesus, most people think of Josephus and his famous Testimonium Flavianum. However, Josephus was not the only ancient writer who mentioned Jesus. Another important figure is the Roman historian Tacitus.

Who Was Tacitus?

Tacitus was a Roman senator and historian who lived from about AD 56 to 120. He is considered one of the greatest Roman historians ever. His writings are known for their careful detail and political insight. Unlike Josephus, Tacitus had no sympathy for Christians. This makes his mention of Jesus especially significant.

Tacitus wrote his Annals around AD 116. This work covers Roman history from Tiberius to Nero. In Book 15, Chapter 44, he describes a terrible event: the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64. Nero was emperor at the time. Many Romans blamed Nero himself for starting the fire.

Tacitus’ Account of Jesus

To deflect blame, Nero targeted Christians. Tacitus describes their suffering in detail. But first, he provides a brief background on where Christianity came from. Here is what he wrote:

“Christus, from whom the name [Christians] had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus.”

This short sentence from Tacitus confirms several key facts about Jesus:

• Jesus existed as a historical person.
• He was called “Christus” (Christ) by His followers.
• He was executed under Pontius Pilate during Tiberius’ reign.
• His death started a movement that spread to Rome itself.
• Despite His death, His followers continued to believe in Him.

Tacitus adds that this “baneful superstition” (as he calls it) briefly died down, then broke out again, spreading from Judea to Rome. He even notes that many Christians in Rome were arrested and executed because of their faith. ^[14]

Why Tacitus Matters for Christians Today

Some people claim that Jesus never existed. They say He is a myth created by the early church. Tacitus directly contradicts this. Writing from a hostile, pagan perspective, he confirms that Jesus was a real person who lived, died, and left behind a growing movement.

Unlike Josephus, Tacitus was not writing to support Christianity. He had every reason to slander Christians. Yet even in this prejudiced atmosphere, he could not deny the basic facts: a man named Christ existed, was executed under Pilate, and His followers were multiplying.

This aligns perfectly with what the Bible teaches. Jesus said in Matthew 16:18, “I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.” Tacitus proves that even Roman authorities could not stop what God had begun.

Tacitus Compared to Josephus

Both Josephus and Tacitus mention Jesus. Their testimonies complement each other. Here is how they compare in key areas:

Point of Evidence	Josephus (Testimonium Flavianum)	Tacitus (Annals 15.44)
Jesus existed as a real person	Yes	Yes
Jesus was called “Christ”	Yes	Yes
Jesus was executed under Pontius Pilate	Implied	Yes (explicitly stated)
Movement began under Tiberius	Implied by timeline	Yes
Followers continued despite opposition	Yes (James reference, etc.)	Yes (spread to Rome)
Author’s attitude toward Christians	Neutral to slightly favorable	Hostile

As this table shows, both writers independently confirm the same core facts. Even though Tacitus despised Christians, he could not deny that Jesus was a real historical figure whose impact was undeniable.

What Tacitus Did Not Write

It is important to note what Tacitus did not confirm. He does not mention Jesus’ miracles, His resurrection, or His teachings. He focuses purely on the political reality: a man called Christ was executed, and His movement grew anyway.

For Christians, this is not surprising. The world does not need to acknowledge Jesus’ supernatural acts for those acts to be true. The Gospels record what God accomplished through Jesus. Those who believe receive life (John 3:16). Those who do not often dismiss or ignore the evidence, just as Tacitus overlooked the resurrection.

The Significance of Multiple Witnesses

The Bible itself teaches the importance of multiple witnesses. Deuteronomy 19:15 says, “One witness shall not rise against a man… At the mouth of two or three witnesses, the matter shall be established.” Jesus and His apostles appear in the Gospels and Paul’s letters. Beyond these, historians like Josephus and Tacitus provide external confirmation.

This triple witness—Scripture, Josephus, and Tacitus—forms a powerful foundation. Together they show that Jesus is not a legend. He is not a myth. He is the Son of God who walked this earth, died for our sins, and rose again.

Dear reader, the question is not whether Jesus was real. Tacitus and others have answered that. The real question is whether you will trust Him. As Jesus said in John 14:6, “I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through Me.”

Every piece of historical evidence points to the same conclusion: Jesus Christ is Lord. He lived. He died for you. He arose. And He offers eternal life to all who put their faith in Him.

Josephus on Jesus’ Crucifixion

Any serious study of Josephus on Jesus must confront the most important event in all of history: the crucifixion. The death of Jesus Christ on the cross is the pivotal moment of the Gospel. It is the basis for our salvation, our hope, and our faith. But the cross was not simply a spiritual event that happened in the invisible realm. It was a real, historical event that occurred in a specific time and place, under a specific Roman governor.

This is where the writings of Josephus become remarkably significant. In a world where skeptics sometimes claim that Jesus was a mythical or legendary figure, the historical reality of His crucifixion matters profoundly. And Josephus, along with other ancient writers, helps anchor the Gospel accounts firmly in history.

The Testimonium Flavianum and the Crucifixion

In the famous Testimonium Flavianum (found in Antiquities of the Jews, Book 18, Chapter 3, Section 3), the text that most scholars agree contains a core of authentic Josephus writing, there is a direct connection made to the event of the cross. The passage, as transmitted through later manuscript traditions, refers to Jesus as “the Christ” and notes that He was condemned to the cross by Pontius Pilate.

Even scholars who argue that later Christian scribes embellished portions of the Testimonium agree that the basic historical framework Josephus recorded includes Jesus’ condemnation by Pilate. The crucifixion was not invented by Christians after the fact. It was part of the historical record from the very beginning. As scripture proclaims, “Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures” (1 Corinthians 15:3).

• Pontius Pilate authorized the execution. Josephus independently confirms that Pilate was the Roman official governing Judea at the time. This aligns perfectly with the Gospel accounts in Matthew 27, Mark 15, Luke 23, and John 18-19.
• Jesus was put to death by Roman authority. Crucifixion was a Roman method of execution, reserved primarily for political rebels and the worst criminals. The fact that Jesus suffered this death confirms the historical reality of the cross.
• Christians trace their origin to this event. Josephus’ own text notes that the group of people who followed Jesus at that time did not cease to exist. The fact of the crucifixion and its aftermath formed the very foundation of the Christian church.

How Josephus’ Account Complements the Gospel Record

Josephus was not a follower of Jesus. He was a Jewish historian writing for a predominantly Roman audience. This makes his references to Jesus and the crucifixion especially valuable. Josephus had no reason to promote the Gospel. Yet what he records is entirely consistent with the biblical narrative.

The Gospels give us the theological meaning of the crucifixion. They show us that Jesus endured the cross for the joy set before Him (Hebrews 12:2). They tell us that He was wounded for our transgressions and crushed for our iniquities (Isaiah 53:5). Josephus, on the other hand, gives us the historical confirmation. Together, the two testimonies present a complete picture: the crucifixion was both a real event in history and the fulfillment of God’s eternal plan of redemption.

Other Non-Christian Confirmations of the Crucifixion

Furthermore, Josephus was not the only non-Christian writer to acknowledge Jesus’ death under Pilate. The Roman historian Tacitus, writing around 116 AD, also referred to “Christus” (Christ) as having been executed by Pontius Pilate during the reign of Emperor Tiberius. Thallus, a first-century historian, may have also referenced the darkness that accompanied the crucifixion. These independent sources, written by people who had no stake in promoting Christian faith, serve as powerful confirmation of the Gospel account.

This convergence of evidence matters. The crucifixion of Jesus is not a claim that rests solely on the testimony of believers. It is confirmed by writers from outside the Christian community who had every reason to be indifferent or hostile to the faith.

Source	What It Confirms
The Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)	Jesus was crucified under Pontius Pilate; He died, was buried, and rose again on the third day
Josephus, Antiquities 18.3.3	Jesus was condemned to the cross by Pilate; His followers continued as a distinct group
Tacitus, Annals 15.44	Christ suffered execution under Pontius Pilate during the reign of Tiberius
Thallus (via later citations)	References the unusual darkness at the time of Christ’s death

Why the Crucifixion Matters for Our Faith

For those of us who seek to deepen our faith in Christ, the historical confirmation of His crucifixion strengthens our confidence that the Gospel is true. This was not a story invented centuries later. It was a public, brutal, well-documented event in the Roman Empire. Soldiers carried it out. Eyewitnesses watched it happen. And a secular Jewish historian, writing just decades later, recorded its occurrence.

The blood Jesus shed on that cross flows through every promise we cling to today. “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life” (John 3:16). That is not myth. That is not legend. That is history—anchored in the writings of Josephus, confirmed by the Gospels, and sealed by the resurrection.

When critics question whether Jesus really lived and died, we can point with confidence to the historical record. Josephus, writing independently of the church, helps us demonstrate that the cross is not a matter of blind faith alone. It is the most well-attested event in ancient history. And the One who died there is alive forevermore, reigning as our Lord and Savior.

Josephus on Jesus’ Resurrection

Many people wonder whether the ancient historian Josephus mentioned the resurrection of Jesus Christ in his writings. After all, the resurrection is the cornerstone of Christian faith. The Apostle Paul wrote, “If Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile” (1 Corinthians 15:17). So do Josephus on Jesus passages mention that resurrection?

Josephus recorded important details about Jesus being the Christ. However, the resurrection itself is not explicitly described with full detail in Josephus’s surviving texts. Let us look at what he does say and why his words still matter for believers today.

What Josephus Wrote About Jesus

Josephus’s most famous passage about Jesus is the Testimonium Flavianum in Antiquities of the Jews, Book 18. Most scholars agree that Josephus did write about Jesus. Yet, some Christian scribes appear to have embellished parts of the original text when copying it over the centuries.

Based on careful scholarship, here is what Josephus likely confirmed about Jesus:

• Jesus was a wise man who performed surprising deeds
• He drew many followers, both from among the Jewish people and from Gentiles
• Pontius Pilate condemned him to be crucified
• Jesus appeared again on the third day, just as the prophets had foretold
• The tribe of Christians, named after him, has not disappeared to this day

The Arabic version of the Testimonium Flavianum is particularly noteworthy. It contains a shorter, more restrained account that many historians view as closer to Josephus’s original words. In this version, he acknowledges that Jesus was believed to be the Christ and that followers reported his appearance after the crucifixion. ^[15]

Why the Resurrection Mention Matters

Even though Josephus was not a Christian himself, his testimony is remarkably significant. He was a Jewish historian writing under Roman patronage. He had no reason to promote faith in Jesus. Yet his account independently confirms several core facts that align perfectly with the Gospel narrative.

Josephus confirms several key points:

In addition to the Testimonium Flavianum, Josephus also made a brief reference to James, “the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ” (Antiquities 20.9.1). This second passage is widely accepted as fully authentic by virtually all scholars. It further establishes that Jesus was a real historical figure known in first-century Palestine. ^[16]

Why We Still Believe Even Without Every Detail

Some readers may feel uncertain because Josephus does not provide a dramatic, detailed account of the empty tomb or the risen Jesus appearing to Mary Magdalene. However, this is entirely expected. Josephus was not writing a Gospel. He was writing a general history of the Jewish people. His purpose was not to preach the good news but to provide historical context for Roman readers.

Furthermore, the fact that Josephus even hints at the resurrection at all is extraordinary. Non-Christian sources rarely affirmed anything supernatural about Jesus. The very mention that Jesus was reported to have appeared alive after death is a remarkable historical detail coming from a nonbelieving Jewish historian.

Our ultimate faith in the resurrection does not rest on Josephus alone. It rests on the eyewitness testimony of the apostles, the explosive growth of the early church, the transformed lives of the disciples, and the power of the Holy Spirit alive in believers today. As Peter declared, “God has raised this Jesus to life, and we are all witnesses of it” (Acts 2:32).

Josephus serves as a valuable external witness. He confirms that Jesus was real, that He died by crucifixion, and that His followers believed He appeared alive again. These facts, when placed alongside the Gospel accounts, paint a complete and powerful picture of the risen Savior.

What This Means for Your Faith

If you are exploring whether Jesus truly rose from the dead, Josephus offers an important piece of the puzzle. He was not a believer. He was not trying to convince anyone to follow Christ. Yet his own historical records point toward the reality of the resurrection.

The resurrection of Jesus Christ is not a myth or wishful thinking. It is confirmed by Scripture, supported by historical witnesses like Josephus, and demonstrated by the living faith of millions around the world today. Jesus said, “I am the resurrection and the life. The one who believes in me will live, even though they die” (John 11:25).

When we read Josephus on Jesus, we see that even those outside the faith could not deny that something extraordinary had happened. The tomb was empty. The disciples were transformed. The message spread to every corner of the known world. And as Josephus himself acknowledged, the movement born from Christ’s life and reported resurrection has never died.

The resurrection is the heartbeat of Christianity. Without it, there is no salvation, no hope, and no eternal life. With it, we have everything. “Thanks be to God! He gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ” (1 Corinthians 15:57).

How Accurate Is Josephus’s History?

When we hold the writings of Josephus in our hands, we are looking at a window into the world that Jesus walked through. Yet, we must ask a very important question: How much can we trust his history? The truth is, Josephus is a fascinating figure. He was a Jewish priest turned Roman general during the first century. His eyewitness accounts of Jewish history are simply incredible. However, like any historian, he had biases and limitations we need to consider. Understanding these limitations does not destroy faith. Instead, it helps us appreciate the truth even more. Let us explore what makes Josephus reliable, and where we need to be careful, especially when looking at the Testimonium Flavianum.

The Case for Partial Authenticity

Scholars have studied the Testimonium Flavianum very carefully. This is the famous passage where Josephus mentions Jesus. Interestingly, most historians agree that the original text was not entirely written by a devout Christian. They believe Christians later edited it to make it sound more positive. However, they still believe the core story is real. The basic facts match perfectly with the Gospels.

Scholars agree that Josephus likely mentioned Jesus as a wise teacher who did amazing miracles. He likely also mentioned Jesus’ crucifixion under Pontius Pilate. Furthermore, Josephus probably acknowledged that the followers of Jesus loved Him deeply. Even if some words were changed later on, the foundation of the text is widely accepted as true. This is amazing for believers. It confirms that Jesus was a real person in history. Even ancient sources cannot deny His massive influence.

• Jesus Christ was a real, historical figure.
• He lived in Judea during the time of Pontius Pilate.
• He was known for doing powerful miracles.
• He was crucified, and His followers remained dedicated to Him.

In addition, this partial authenticity shows us how powerful Jesus’ life was. The facts were so strong that even non-Christian writers had to talk about Him. As Luke wrote in the book of Acts, nothing could stop the message of Jesus from spreading! “But the word of God increased and multiplied.” (Acts 12:24) ^[17]

Josephus as a General Historian

Josephus is highly regarded outside his mentions of Jesus as well. He wrote extensively about Jewish history and the Roman wars. For centuries, historians have relied on his works for accuracy regarding dates, kings, and geographical details of the ancient world. Often, what he wrote aligns perfectly with archaeological discoveries.

What the Gospels Teach	What Josephus Confirms
Jesus was crucified under Pontius Pilate	Josephus records Pilate’s condemnation of Jesus
Jesus rose on the third day	Josephus notes the report of Jesus appearing again
Jesus gathered many followers	Josephus acknowledges the large number of followers
Christian faith endured after Jesus’ death	Josephus states the Christian movement has not disappeared

Historical Context	Josephus’s Contribution
Jewish-Roman Wars	Detailed eyewitness accounts of the destruction of the Temple.
Jewish Sects	Descriptions of the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes.
Roman Governors	Mentions of specific Roman leaders like Pontius Pilate.

However, Josephus lived under the protection of the Roman Emperor Vespasian. As a result, he likely stretched the truth a little to make the Romans look good. He also wanted to keep the Jewish people in the Emperor’s good graces. This is why we always read his writings with a discerning eye. Nevertheless, his broad historical framework is solid. It gives us a strong background for the truth of the Gospel.

What the Arabic Version Reveals

Some skeptics claim the Testimonium Flavianum was completely made up. But wait, there is a very interesting twist! In the tenth century, an Arab bishop named Agapius preserved a different shorter version of the text. This Arabic version does not contain the obviously Christian praise found in the Greek versions we have today.

• It does not call Jesus the “Christ.”
• It does not explicitly state that He rose from the dead.
• It simply reports the facts about His life and crucifixion.

This Arabic text is vital. It confirms that Josephus really did write about Jesus. It shows us that a Jewish historian recognized Jesus as a wise, virtuous man. He also admitted that Jesus was crucified. This is a massive victory for the Christian faith. It proves that the presence of Jesus in history was undeniable. As Scripture says, the gates of hell cannot prevail against the truth of Jesus Christ! (Matthew 16:18) ^[17]

Balancing History and Faith

At Just Jesus Time, we love studying history because it points straight to our amazing God. While Josephus made some edits and had his own influences, his value is undeniable. When he spoke about Jesus, he was stepping onto a divine stage. God allowed even a non-believer like Josephus to acknowledge the reality of Jesus Christ.

Furthermore, we do not put our ultimate faith in human history alone. Our faith rests on the living Word of God. We trust the Bible as the ultimate authority. Josephus simply acts as a beautiful confirmation of what we already believe. He helps us see that Jesus was not hidden away in a corner. He walked the earth, He died, and He rose again. Josephus saw the aftermath of that incredible miracle. He knew Jesus was special. Therefore, we can rest in peace. The history of Josephus, combined with the Holy Spirit’s witness, gives us absolute certainty that Jesus is exactly who He said He was: our Lord and Savior.

The Original Text of Josephus on Jesus

Where to Read the Original Greek

For those who want to go straight to the primary sources, the original Greek text of Josephus’s works is freely available online. Most scholars and translators take the Greek manuscripts very seriously. These ancient texts are the foundation for everything we know about what Josephus truly wrote.

The Testimonium Flavianum appears in Book 18, Chapter 3, Section 3 of Josephus’s Antiquities of the Jews. This is the passage that directly mentions Jesus of Nazareth. Furthermore, the second key reference to Jesus appears in Book 20, Chapter 9, Section 1, where Josephus mentions “James, the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ.”

Here are the best resources to access the original Greek text:

• Perseus Digital Library — This Tufts University resource provides Josephus’s Greek text with English translations side by side. It is one of the most trusted academic tools for reading classical sources. ^[18]
• Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) — Hosted by the University of California, Irvine, this digital library contains the complete works of Josephus in Greek. It is the gold standard for Greek textual scholarship. ^[19]
• Greek Wikisource — A free, publicly available source for the original Greek text of Antiquities of the Jews. It is ideal for quick reference. ^[20]
• Gallica — Bibliothèque nationale de France — This site provides historical manuscript images and critical editions of Josephus’s works, some dating back to early printed editions. ^[21]

If you do not read Greek, do not worry. There are excellent English translations that faithfully render the meaning of the original text. However, accessing the Greek allows you to read the words in their original form. This is especially valued by those conducting deeper study of the Testimonium Flavianum and the James reference.

Recommended Translations and PDF Resources

Having a reliable English translation of Josephus is essential for understanding what this ancient historian wrote about Jesus. Not all translations are equal, however. Some are more literal, while others aim for readability. Here are the most recommended versions for faithful study.

Top Recommended English Translations

• William Whiston Translation (1737) — This is the most widely available translation of Josephus. It is in the public domain and can be read for free online through sites like Project Gutenberg. Although the language is older, it remains clear and useful for general study. ^[22]
• Penguin Classics Edition, translated by William Whiston and edited by Betty Radice — This edition includes helpful footnotes and an introduction that provides historical context. It is an affordable and accessible option for readers at all levels.
• The New Updated Whiston Translation, edited by Paul L. Maier (Kregel Publications) — Dr. Paul Maier, a respected historian and professor, updated Whiston’s translation for modern readers. His commentary is especially helpful for understanding the passages about Jesus. This is one of the most trusted editions among serious readers. ^[23]
• Thackeray Translation (Loeb Classical Library) — Published by Harvard University Press, the Loeb edition presents the Greek text alongside an English translation. This is often considered the most accurate scholarly translation available. It is an excellent resource for those who want precision. ^[24]
• Steve Mason Translation (Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary series, Brill) — This is a modern scholarly translation with detailed notes. Steve Mason is one of the leading Josephus scholars in the world. His work is highly recommended for those who want academic depth. ^[25]

Free PDF and Online Reading Resources

For those looking to read Josephus without purchasing a book, several trustworthy options exist:

• Project Gutenberg — Offers the complete Whiston translation as a free downloadable PDF and e-book. ^[26]
• Early Christian Writings — Provides the text of the Testimonium Flavianum and the James reference with multiple translation options and helpful commentary. ^[27]
• Attalus.org — Gives free access to selected passages of Josephus, including the sections that reference Jesus, in clear English. ^[28]
• Internet Archive — Hosts scanned copies of older critical editions and translations of Josephus’s works, many of which are freely downloadable. ^[29]
• CCEL (Christian Classics Ethereal Library) — Provides the Whiston translation with a searchable format, making it easy to find specific passages about Jesus. ^[30]

When reading any translation of Josephus on Jesus, remember that no single translation captures every nuance perfectly. Reading two or more translations side by side can help you gain a fuller picture of the original meaning. The goal is to understand what Josephus truly wrote and to see how his witness points us to the reality of Jesus Christ — who He was, what He accomplished, and why He remains the cornerstone of our faith.

As we study these ancient texts together, we echo the words of Jesus Himself: “You will know the truth, and the truth will set you free” (John 8:32, NKJV). Digging into historical sources like Josephus is not about doubting our faith. It is about strengthening it. Every piece of evidence confirms what Scripture has always declared — Jesus is Lord.

Why Josephus’s Witness Points Us to the Real Jesus

When we look at what Josephus wrote, we do not see a legend or a myth. We see a real person at the center of a real movement. A Roman-era historian confirmed that Jesus of Nazareth was not a fairy tale. He was a real man who lived, died, and left a mark that history could not ignore.

Josephus was not a Christian. He was a Jewish historian writing for a Roman audience. He had no reason to promote Jesus. Still, he recorded Jesus’ existence, His followers, His crucifixion, and His brother James. That is where the weight lies. An outsider, without faith, pointed to the same Jesus the Church proclaims.

Josephus Puts Jesus in Real History

The Testimonium Flavianum places Jesus in a specific time, under a specific ruler, alongside a known high priest. That anchors the Gospels in real-world history. Luke 3:1 does the same when he names Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate, and the local rulers. Josephus confirms that world.^[31]

• Jesus lived under Tiberius Caesar.
• He was known during the time of Pontius Pilate.
• He gathered a following that continued after His death.

An Unbiased Voice Points to Jesus’ Impact

Josephus did not need Jesus. He was a Pharisee turned Roman historian. He wrote to record Jewish history for a Gentile audience. Yet he did not skip over Jesus. He did not treat Him as imaginary. Instead, he noted His influence. That aligns with the claim that “the Word became flesh” (John 1:14).

Even if some words in the Testimonium were later sharpened by a Christian copyist, the core facts remain:

• Jesus was a real person.
• He was known for wisdom and powerful works.
• He was crucified under Pilate.
• His followers remained devoted after His death.

Josephus’ Witness and the “Real Jesus”

Many today try to separate Jesus the man from Jesus the Son of God. Josephus can tell us that Jesus of Nazareth was real. Yet he cannot cross the line from history to faith. That is where God’s Word speaks clearly.

Jesus Himself said, “I am the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through Me” (John 14:6). The Bible does not present a symbol or an idea. It presents a person—Jesus Christ, the eternal Son of God (John 1:1–3).

Josephus helps us see that the story of Jesus is rooted in history. Then Scripture invites us to meet Him by faith:

• He is fully God: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God” (John 1:1).
• He died for our sins: “Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures” (1 Corinthians 15:3).
• He rose from the dead: “He is not here; He has risen” (Matthew 28:6).
• He offers forgiveness: “Everyone who believes in Him will receive forgiveness of sins” (Acts 10:43).

From Evidence to Encounter

Josephus can show us that Jesus was not a myth. Yet God calls us to more than information. He calls us to trust Jesus as Lord and Savior. The witness of history prepares the ground. The Holy Spirit gives life.

We do not follow Josephus. We point beyond him. Through his words, we see that Jesus stepped into history. Through Scripture, we learn that Jesus is still present, still saving, and still reigning as King.

Frequently Asked Questions

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Sources

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14. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tacitus-Roman-historian
15. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1515916
16. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Flavian-Josephus
17. https://www.biblegateway.com
18. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu
19. https://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu
20. https://el.wikisource.org
21. https://gallica.bnf.fr
22. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2848
23. https://www.kregel.com
24. https://www.hup.harvard.edu
25. https://brill.com
26. https://www.gutenberg.org
27. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/josephus.html
28. http://www.attalus.org
29. https://archive.org
30. https://www.ccel.org
31. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3263890
32. https://www.biblearchaeology.org/research/topical-studies/4037-josephus-and-the-historicity-of-jesus
33. https://plato.stanford/entries/jesus-historic