A Guide to Christian Churches and Denominations: Understanding the Body of Christ

Christian churches and denominations are different groups and traditions within the global body of believers. While they may vary in practices, worship styles, and secondary doctrines, true Christian denominations are united by their core belief in the divinity, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ as the only Son of God and the sole path to salvation, as revealed in the Holy Bible.

The Church of Jesus Christ is one magnificent, divinely established body, unified under its Head, our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. However, to an outsider or even an earnest seeker, Christianity can appear wonderfully diverse and sometimes bewildering. This is because countless churches and denominations present unique expressions of Worship and belief. From grand cathedrals with ancient hymns to humble gatherings with contemporary praise, the global reach of believers is immense. This rich tapestry reflects the many ways Christ’s followers minister, all ideally striving to honor the One who purchased us with His precious blood (1 Peter 1:18-19).

At Just Jesus Time, our purpose is not to sow division but to foster a deeper, more informed understanding of the true body of Christ. This guide will help you navigate the spiritual terrain by exploring the biblical foundations of “the Church.” We will delve into the origins and differences between Christian traditions and prayerfully examine the core tenets of genuine faith. Our aim is to illuminate the paths of authentic worship and sound doctrine, always anchored in the unwavering truth of God’s Word. We believe true unity is found not in human agreement but in absolute devotion to Jesus Christ—the Son of God, who died for our sins and rose again, conquering death forever (Romans 10:9-10).

Throughout this guide, we will examine how different groups align with or depart from the foundational truths of Scripture. We will carefully consider various perspectives, even those of groups that use the name of Jesus Christ yet hold distinct doctrines. In every case, we will return to the inspired, inerrant Word of God as our ultimate authority (2 Timothy 3:16-17). Our prayer is that this exploration will strengthen your faith, clarify your understanding, and draw your heart closer to the singular truth found only in Jesus Christ, the Head of the Church. Let us begin by discovering what the Bible says about “the Church.”

What is the Biblical Definition of the ‘Church’?

The term ‘Church’ holds profound biblical significance, representing far more than a building or organization. In the original Greek, the word is ekklesia, meaning ‘a called-out assembly’ or ‘those called out.’

Therefore, the biblical definition of the ‘Church’ is the community of believers whom God has called out from the world by His grace into a saving relationship with His Son, Jesus Christ. This assembly belongs completely to Him, for Jesus Himself declared, “I will build my church” (Matthew 16:18), and He serves as the cornerstone of this spiritual dwelling (Ephesians 2:20).

The Universal and Local Church

The Bible presents the Church in two main ways. First is the universal Church, which comprises all true believers from every tribe, tongue, people, and nation (Revelation 5:9). This spiritual body includes everyone who has ever placed their faith in Jesus Christ, united under Him as their Head (Colossians 1:18). Transcending time and geography, the universal Church is a spiritual reality.

Second is the local Church, a visible gathering of believers in a specific geographical area. As a tangible expression of the universal Church, its members meet regularly for worship, fellowship, discipleship, and service to one another and their community. Acts 2:42-47 provides a model for this early church life, which included teaching, fellowship, the breaking of bread, and prayer.

Defining Marks of the Biblical Church

The true ‘Church of Jesus Christ’ is identified by several foundational characteristics. Understanding these marks is vital, as they ensure a church’s alignment with Scripture.

• Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior: The Church’s ultimate confession is that Jesus is Lord (Romans 10:9). His divinity, sacrificial death, and victorious resurrection are central. There is no other foundation for salvation (Acts 4:12).
• Adherence to Biblical Truth: The Word of God is the Church’s supreme authority (2 Timothy 3:16-17). Sound doctrine, based on apostolic teaching, is non-negotiable and guides all belief and practice (Titus 2:1).
• Worship and Fellowship: Members gather not only to glorify God (Hebrews 10:25) but also to encourage one another in faith, building up the body of Christ (Ephesians 4:12-16).
• Proclamation of the Gospel: The Church’s mission is to share the good news of salvation through Christ and make disciples of all nations (Matthew 28:19-20).
• Observance of Sacraments: Baptism and the Lord’s Supper are outward signs of inner spiritual realities. Commanded by Christ, these sacraments are faithfully practiced by His Church.

The True Church of Jesus Christ

While many groups today use the name ‘Church of Jesus Christ,’ the biblical definition is precise. The true Church is not an organization but the community of all genuine believers united by saving faith in the biblical Jesus—who is fully God and fully man, died for our sins, and rose again. This body, established at Pentecost (Acts 2), upholds the inspired, inerrant Word of God. Therefore, identifying the true Church requires careful discernment by comparing its teachings to the unchanging truth of Scripture (Acts 17:11), ensuring fidelity to Christ’s original design.

What is the difference between a denomination and a church?

The Universal Church vs. Local Churches

To understand the difference between a denomination and a church, we must first define “the Church” itself. Biblically, “the Church” (Greek: ekklesia) refers to a “called-out assembly”—not a building, but a spiritual body of believers.

The Universal Church: Christ’s Global Body

The Universal Church encompasses all who truly believe in Jesus Christ, including every person from every nation who has accepted Him as Lord and Savior. As a spiritual union, this body is unified by faith in Jesus Christ, through whom we are all adopted into God’s family. The Bible teaches that Christ is the head of this Church, and the Church is His body (Ephesians 1:22-23). Spanning all time and geography, this one, true Church includes everyone who is born again (John 3:3-7).

• Defined by: Faith in Jesus Christ, His death, and resurrection.
• Membership: All genuine believers, globally.
• Head: Jesus Christ alone (Colossians 1:18).
• Purpose: To glorify God and spread the Gospel.

Local Churches: Expressions of Faith

Local churches are visible congregations of believers who gather in specific places for worship, fellowship, teaching, and ministry (Acts 2:42-47). As an expression of the Universal Church, a local church provides a community for spiritual growth and allows believers to serve one another. These local bodies carry out the mission of Christ on Earth, which is why the Bible calls us not to neglect meeting together (Hebrews 10:25).

• Defined by: A group of believers meeting physically.
• Membership: Individuals who commit to a specific congregation.
• Leadership: Pastors, elders, and deacons (1 Timothy 3:1-13).
• Purpose: Discipleship, worship, outreach, and local service.

Therefore, while a specific building or organization might use the name “Church of Jesus Christ”—such as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints—the true biblical “Church of Jesus Christ” is the universal, spiritual body of all believers in Him, regardless of their organizational affiliation.

How Did Denominations Begin?

The early Church, as described in the New Testament, exhibited remarkable unity, with believers sharing a common faith and practice (Acts 4:32). However, human differences soon emerged, and disagreements arose even in apostolic times (1 Corinthians 1:10-13).

Early Disagreements and Divisions

As Christianity spread, various interpretations of Scripture developed, influenced by different cultural contexts. Over centuries, these differing views led to significant theological divides, such as the Great Schism of 1054 which divided Eastern and Western Christianity [source: OrthodoxInfo.com]. These historical events paved the way for the formation of distinct traditions.

The Protestant Reformation’s Impact

A major catalyst for denominations was the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century [source: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]. During this time, reformers challenged certain doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. As a result, new movements and churches formed, focusing on the authority of Scripture alone (Sola Scriptura) and salvation by grace through faith alone (Sola Fide). This period brought forth many traditions we recognize today, including Baptist, Presbyterian, and Methodist churches.

Distinguishing Denominations

Denominations are distinct organizational structures with unique traditions and specific interpretations of certain biblical passages. These differences can manifest in worship styles, church governance, or theological emphasis. For example, the “Church of Christ” emphasizes a return to New Testament practices. In contrast, other groups like “Community of Christ” or “The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints” (LDS) emerged from specific 19th-century movements. It is crucial to note that while these groups use the name “Church of Jesus Christ,” their foundational doctrines and understanding of Jesus often differ significantly from historical, biblical Christianity. The Bible warns against doctrines that lead away from Christ (Galatians 1:6-9).

Ultimately, a denomination is a distinct branch of Christianity that holds to a shared set of beliefs and practices. Yet, all who truly confess Jesus as Lord and Savior are part of the Universal Church (Romans 10:9-10). Our unity in Christ transcends these organizational boundaries because He is our one Lord and our ultimate foundation.

What does Jesus say about church denominations?

Jesus’ Prayer for Unity (John 17)

Deeply desiring unity among His followers, Jesus Christ prayed earnestly for this purpose just before His crucifixion. In His High Priestly Prayer, recorded in John 17, He asked His Father for a profound oneness among believers.

He specifically prayed:

• “I do not ask for these only, but also for those who will believe in me through their word, that they may all be one, just as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they also may be in us, so that the world may believe that you have sent me” (John 17:20-21).

This prayer reveals Jesus’ heart for a spiritual unity among all who would believe in Him—a unity reflecting the perfect oneness He shares with the Father. Such unity is crucial because it serves as a powerful witness to the world, showing that God truly sent Jesus as our Savior.

While denominations are human organizational structures that emerged over centuries, Jesus’ prayer speaks to a deeper truth. It calls for a unity of spirit and purpose founded in Him alone, not perfect institutional alignment. Instead, this spiritual unity focuses on a shared faith in Christ, as believers are united by His Holy Spirit (Ephesians 4:3).

Therefore, while various Christian groups exist, including the “Church of Jesus Christ” in its many forms, the true unity Jesus prayed for transcends these differences. It is a unity centered on a common belief in His divinity, atoning sacrifice, and resurrection, calling all believers to live as one in Him (1 Corinthians 1:10).

The Importance of Sound Doctrine (Titus 2:1)

True unity among believers must be rooted in truth. For this reason, the Bible consistently emphasizes the necessity of sound doctrine—teaching that aligns perfectly with God’s Word. This foundation is essential for healthy faith and spiritual growth.

The Apostle Paul instructed Titus:

• “But as for you, teach what accords with sound doctrine” (Titus 2:1).

This command underscores a vital principle: what we believe shapes how we live. Sound doctrine is crucial because it guards against error and protects believers from false teachings that can lead them away from Christ (Galatians 1:6-9).

Jesus Himself warned about false prophets, saying, “Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing but inwardly are ravenous wolves” (Matthew 7:15). He taught His followers to discern truth by examining the fruit of those who claim to speak for God.

Understanding sound doctrine is key to navigating the claims of various groups. For example, some organizations, like the “Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints” or the “Church of Christ,” use biblical-sounding names. However, their core “beliefs” may differ significantly from historical, biblical Christianity. Even a term like “Latter-day Saints” points to a distinct theological framework separate from the historic faith.

Key aspects of sound doctrine include:

• The Nature of God: One God existing as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:19).
• The Divinity of Jesus Christ: Jesus is fully God and fully man, the unique Son of God (John 1:1, Philippians 2:5-8).
• Salvation by Grace Through Faith: We are saved through faith in Jesus’ atoning work, not by our own deeds (Ephesians 2:8-9).
• The Authority of the Bible: Scripture is God-breathed and the ultimate guide for faith and life (2 Timothy 3:16).

Therefore, while Jesus prayed for unity, He never called for unity at the expense of truth. Genuine Christian unity requires adherence to the foundational truths of the Gospel and an unwavering commitment to Christ as He is revealed in the Holy Scriptures. This discerning approach ensures our faith remains firmly established on the unchangeable Word of God.

An Overview of Major Christian Traditions

This section introduces the largest and most historically significant branches of Christianity. These traditions, which have shaped believers for centuries, share foundational beliefs in Jesus Christ as the Son of God, His atoning death, and His glorious resurrection. They also affirm the Holy Bible as divinely inspired Scripture (2 Timothy 3:16-17), with all faith centered on our Lord Jesus.

Catholicism

The Catholic Church is one of the oldest and largest Christian traditions, tracing its roots directly to the Apostles through a continuous line of succession. Catholics believe in the authority of the Pope as the successor of St. Peter, who serves as the visible head of the Church on Earth. ^[1]

Central to Catholicism are the seven sacraments, which are understood as outward signs instituted by Christ to give grace. These include Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony. The Eucharist, or Holy Communion, holds special significance, as Catholics believe it is the true Body and Blood of Jesus Christ.

Furthermore, Catholic teaching holds that both sacred Scripture and sacred Tradition are essential for understanding God’s revelation. Devotion to Mary, the Mother of Jesus, and the veneration of saints also play important roles, though worship is reserved for God alone. The Catholic Church steadfastly proclaims Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior and the only path to salvation, affirming His words: “I am the way, and the truth, and the life” (John 14:6).

Protestantism

Protestantism emerged in the 16th century with the Reformation, a movement that sought to reform the Catholic Church. It emphasized several key principles that significantly reshaped Christian worship and practice.

• Sola Scriptura (Scripture Alone): Protestants believe the Bible is the supreme and final authority for faith and life, considering it God’s infallible Word (2 Timothy 3:16).
• Sola Fide (Faith Alone): Salvation comes by grace through faith in Jesus Christ, not by human works, a core truth taught in Ephesians 2:8-9.
• Priesthood of All Believers: Every believer has direct access to God through Jesus Christ, with no need for an intermediary priest (1 Peter 2:9).

As a wonderfully diverse tradition, Protestantism includes countless denominations, such as Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodist, Lutheran, and Apostolic churches. Despite their differences, these groups unite in affirming the divinity of Jesus Christ, His sacrificial death, and His glorious resurrection. They also uphold the Bible as God’s inspired and authoritative Word, with Jesus as the foundation and immovable cornerstone of their faith (1 Corinthians 3:11).

Eastern Orthodoxy

Eastern Orthodoxy, another ancient branch of Christianity, developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. While it shares common roots with Catholicism, the two traditions officially separated during the Great Schism of 1054. ^[2]

Emphasizing apostolic succession, Orthodox churches are led by Patriarchs and bishops. Instead of a single universal leader like the Pope, the tradition is comprised of various autocephalous (self-governing) churches, such as the Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and Antiochian Orthodox Churches.

Eastern Orthodoxy highly values icons, sacred images considered “windows to heaven” that aid believers in prayer and worship. A significant theological concept is theosis, or deification, which describes the process of becoming more like God through union with Christ by the Holy Spirit. Orthodox Christians firmly believe in the Holy Trinity, the Incarnation of Jesus Christ, and His resurrection as central to salvation. They honor the Nicene Creed as a foundational statement of faith, proclaiming Jesus Christ as Lord of all, to the glory of God the Father (Philippians 2:10-11).

What does the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe?

Comparing LDS Beliefs with Biblical Christianity

At Just Jesus Time, our commitment is to the truth of Scripture as God’s inspired and authoritative Word (2 Timothy 3:16-17). With this foundation, we will compare core doctrines of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (often called the LDS Church) with historical, Biblical Christianity. While the LDS Church uses many terms familiar to Christians, their meanings often differ significantly. Understanding these distinctions is vital for any Christian seeking to deepen their faith and for anyone curious about the Gospel’s core truths.

We affirm the divinity of Jesus Christ, His sacrificial death, and His glorious resurrection as central pillars of our faith. Here is a comparison of key beliefs:

Core Doctrine	Biblical Christianity	Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
God	One eternal God exists as three persons: Father, Son (Jesus Christ), and Holy Spirit (the Trinity). God has always been God and has no beginning or end (Deuteronomy 6:4, Matthew 28:19).	God the Father (Elohim) was once a man on another planet who progressed to godhood. He has a physical body. Jesus and the Holy Ghost are separate gods within a “Godhead” [3].
Jesus Christ	Fully God and fully man. He is the eternal Son of God, not a created being. He existed with the Father from all eternity (John 1:1, Colossians 1:15-17). Jesus is the only begotten Son, not one of many spirit children.	The spirit child of God the Father and a Heavenly Mother. He is the elder brother of all humanity and a distinct, separate god. He progressed to godhood like the Father [4].
Salvation	Received solely by grace through faith in Jesus Christ’s atoning sacrifice. It is a free gift of God, not earned by works (Ephesians 2:8-9, Romans 3:23-24). Good works follow salvation as evidence of faith.	Achieved through grace combined with good works, obedience to commandments, ordinances, and priesthood authority. It is an ongoing process of eternal progression [5].
Scripture	The Bible (Old and New Testaments) is the inspired, infallible, and complete Word of God. It is the final authority for faith and life (2 Peter 1:20-21). No other scripture is needed.	The Bible is accepted “as far as it is translated correctly.” In addition, the Book of Mormon, Doctrine and Covenants, and Pearl of Great Price are considered scripture and authoritative [6].

These comparisons reveal significant doctrinal differences. Biblical Christianity emphasizes the unique, eternal, triune nature of God and the finished work of Christ for salvation. We believe Jesus is the Way, the Truth, and the Life, and no one comes to the Father except through Him (John 14:6).

The Role of LDS Missionaries and Temples

Missionary work and temple ordinances are central practices in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Understanding the purpose behind these activities is key to understanding their worldview.

LDS Missionaries

• Purpose: Young men and women often dedicate 18-24 months to full-time missionary service. Their goal is to share what they believe is the “restored gospel” and convert new members to their church ^[7].
• Method: Missionaries teach lessons, inviting people to learn their doctrines and be baptized into The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
• Biblical Perspective: Christians are also called to share the Gospel of Jesus Christ (Matthew 28:18-20). However, the content of the message differs. Biblical missions focus on proclaiming salvation by grace through faith in the resurrected Jesus alone, calling all people to repentance and belief in the one true God revealed in Scripture.

LDS Temples

• Purpose: Temples are considered sacred spaces for performing specific ordinances, such as baptisms for the dead, eternal marriages (sealings), and endowment ceremonies ^[8]. These ordinances are believed to be essential for salvation and eternal progression.
• Access: Only members who meet specific worthiness criteria can enter temples.
• Biblical Perspective: In Biblical Christianity, the believer’s body is the temple of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 6:19). Worship is not confined to a physical building but is done “in spirit and truth” (John 4:23-24). Christ’s sacrifice on the cross was a once-for-all event (Hebrews 10:10) that made direct access to God possible for all believers, eliminating the need for further ceremonial ordinances for salvation.

Is the Church of Jesus Christ the Same as Mormon?

Many people use the term “Mormon” when referring to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. However, the church has expressed a strong preference for its full, official name to emphasize that Jesus Christ is central to their faith.

• Official Name: The correct and full name is “The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.” They state this name highlights Jesus Christ’s role.
• Origin of “Mormon”: The nickname “Mormon” comes from the Book of Mormon, a key scripture for the church named after an ancient prophet named Mormon.
• Current Preference: The Church has actively requested that media and the public use their full name and avoid the “Mormon” nickname to better reflect their focus on Jesus Christ ^[9].

While the term “Mormon” is still widely used, understanding the Church’s preference helps clarify its self-identity.

Addressing the Term ‘Latter-day Saints’

The phrase “Latter-day Saints” is an integral part of the church’s official name and carries significant theological meaning within their belief system. It is helpful to understand this term from both their perspective and a Biblical viewpoint.

• LDS Interpretation:
  • “Latter-day”: This refers to their belief that their church is a restoration of Christ’s original church in the final era of time. They teach that a “Great Apostasy” occurred after the death of the apostles and that the true church was restored through Joseph Smith in these “latter days” ^[10].
  • “Saints”: In their context, “Saints” refers to members of their church who have made specific covenants with God.
• Biblical Christian Understanding:
  • “Latter Days”: The Bible teaches that the “latter days” or “last days” began with Christ’s first coming and will continue until His second coming. This period signifies the era of the New Covenant and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:16-17, Hebrews 1:2). There is no scriptural basis for a complete apostasy, as Jesus promised the gates of hell would not prevail against His church (Matthew 16:18).
  • “Saints”: The Bible uses “saints” to describe all believers in Jesus Christ who have been set apart for God’s purposes (1 Corinthians 1:2, Ephesians 1:1). The term does not denote a specific group or a higher spiritual status. Every born-again Christian is a saint by faith in Christ, regardless of denomination.

Ultimately, our identity as believers in Jesus Christ is rooted in Him alone (Galatians 2:20). Our hope and assurance come from His perfect work on the cross. He is our Lord and Savior, and the authority of His Word guides all our understanding.

Examining the Beliefs of Other Groups

Church of Christ: A Focus on Restoration

The Church of Christ movement began with a strong desire to restore the New Testament church. Adherents aim to follow only what the Bible teaches, seeking to discard human traditions and doctrines. This focus on biblical “restoration” is central to their identity.

Key beliefs within the Churches of Christ include:

• Biblical Authority: They hold the Bible as their sole guide. Every practice must have a clear scriptural basis.
• Believer’s Baptism: Baptism by immersion is practiced for the remission of sins. They see it as essential for salvation ^[11].
• Weekly Communion: The Lord’s Supper is observed every Sunday, viewed as a central act of worship.
• Congregational Autonomy: Each congregation is independent, with no central denominational authority.
• No Instruments in Worship: Many congregations prefer a cappella singing, believing it reflects early church practice.

From a biblical Christian perspective, this zeal for Scripture is commendable. The conviction that Jesus Christ is Lord and Savior—the head of the Church (Colossians 1:18)—is a shared foundation. Similarly, the belief that Christians should live according to God’s Word is a point of agreement. However, while the goal is shared, different interpretations of Scripture lead to different practices. Despite these differences, the common ground found in Christ remains paramount (Ephesians 4:4-6).

Messianic Judaism: Are they Jews for Jesus?

The term “Jews for Jesus” often refers to a well-known organization within the broader movement of Messianic Judaism. Messianic Jews are individuals of Jewish heritage who believe that Jesus, or Yeshua in Hebrew, is the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament. They accept Him as their personal Lord and Savior.

Messianic Judaism blends Jewish traditions with faith in Jesus. Adherents often maintain Jewish cultural practices, such as celebrating holidays like Passover and Hanukkah or observing dietary laws. Despite these traditions, their core theology is rooted in Jesus Christ. They affirm His divinity, atoning death, and resurrection, which aligns them with essential Christian beliefs.

This movement reflects the New Testament teaching that Jesus came for both Jew and Gentile (Romans 1:16), breaking down the wall between them (Ephesians 2:14). Messianic Jews powerfully demonstrate that faith in Jesus is fully compatible with Jewish identity. In doing so, they show that Jesus is indeed the Christ—the Anointed One—for all people (John 4:42), fulfilling the ancient prophecies of Israel (Isaiah 9:6-7).

Community of Christ: A Branch from the LDS Movement

The Community of Christ is an independent denomination that emerged from the Latter Day Saint movement, sharing its origins with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS). While both trace their history to Joseph Smith Jr., the two groups diverged significantly after his death in 1844.

The Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) holds distinct beliefs:

• Leadership: They recognize Joseph Smith III, Smith’s son, as his rightful successor, while the LDS church followed Brigham Young.
• Open Canon: While they accept the Bible and other Latter Day Saint scriptures, their canon is “open,” meaning they believe in ongoing revelation.
• Nature of God: They embrace a Trinitarian view of God, which contrasts with the LDS understanding of God the Father as an exalted man.
• Temples: Community of Christ temples are houses of worship and peace; they do not perform proxy baptisms or eternal sealings for the dead.
• Social Justice: They emphasize peace, justice, and community as central to their mission.

From a biblical Christian viewpoint, the Community of Christ’s focus on peace and justice is commendable. The primary distinction, however, lies in the source of authority. While they embrace an open canon, biblical Christianity holds that faith rests solely on the Bible. The New Testament teaches that God’s final revelation is complete in Jesus Christ (Hebrews 1:1-2) and that Scripture is sufficient for all matters of faith and practice (2 Timothy 3:16-17). Therefore, any teaching that adds to God’s finished revelation or diminishes the foundational truth of Christ’s full divinity (John 1:1, Colossians 2:9) requires careful examination against His unchanging Word.

Shincheonji Church of Jesus: A Biblical Analysis

The Shincheonji Church of Jesus is a religious group originating in South Korea. Its leader, Lee Man-hee, claims to be the “Promised Pastor” or “New John,” asserting that he alone can interpret the book of Revelation. He teaches that his followers are the 144,000 who will be saved in the end times. The group is also known for using deceptive recruitment methods, often targeting members of existing Christian churches ^[12].

From a biblical Christian perspective, Shincheonji’s teachings are gravely concerning. The Bible clearly states:

• Jesus Christ is the Head of the Church: There is no other head or “Promised Pastor” after Christ (Colossians 1:18). Jesus is the alpha and the omega (Revelation 1:8).
• The Bible is Complete: Scripture warns against adding to or taking away from God’s Word (Revelation 22:18-19). It is sufficient for doctrine and instruction (2 Timothy 3:16-17), and the Holy Spirit guides all believers (John 16:13).
• Salvation Through Christ Alone: Salvation comes through faith in Jesus Christ’s finished work on the cross (Ephesians 2:8-9), not by following a human leader or belonging to a specific group.
• The Return of Christ: Jesus promised He would return personally (Acts 1:11), not send another “New John.”

Ultimately, any teaching that elevates a human leader to a divine or unique interpretive status undermines Christ’s authority and distorts the Gospel. Christians are called to test every spirit by God’s Word (1 John 4:1), holding firm to the truth that Jesus Christ is the sole Lord, Savior, and the only way to salvation (Acts 4:12).

Jehovah’s Witnesses: Contrasting Beliefs on Jesus (Jesus JW)

Jehovah’s Witnesses (JWs) are well-known for their door-to-door ministry and identify as followers of Jehovah God. However, their beliefs about Jesus Christ differ significantly from those of historic, biblical Christianity. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for discerning theological truth.

The key Jehovah’s Witness beliefs about Jesus Christ include:

• Jesus as Michael the Archangel: JWs teach that Jesus is not God but is Michael the archangel in his pre-human existence, making Him God’s first creation.
• A Created Being: They assert that Jesus was created by God and is therefore subordinate to God the Father, not co-equal or co-eternal with Him.
• No Trinity: They reject the doctrine of the Trinity as a pagan, unbiblical concept, believing God is a single person, Jehovah.
• Execution on a Torture Stake: They teach that Jesus died on a single upright stake, not a cross.
• No Physical Resurrection: They believe Jesus was resurrected as a spirit being, not in His physical body.

In stark contrast, biblical Christianity affirms the full deity of Jesus Christ:

• Jesus is God Incarnate: The Bible clearly states Jesus is God (John 1:1), God “with us” (Matthew 1:23), and shares the very nature of God (Philippians 2:6).
• Creator, Not Created: Colossians 1:16 teaches that “by him all things were created,” meaning Jesus is the Creator, not a created being. He existed before all things (John 1:3).
• Co-Equal with the Father: Jesus declared, “I and the Father are one” (John 10:30) and receives worship, which is due only to God (Hebrews 1:6).
• Physical Resurrection: Jesus appeared to His disciples after His resurrection, inviting them to touch His physical body to prove He was not a spirit (Luke 24:39). The empty tomb confirms this truth.

The divinity of Jesus Christ is not a minor theological point; it is foundational to the Gospel itself. This doctrine directly impacts the understanding of salvation, because if Jesus is not fully God, His sacrifice cannot fully atone for humanity’s sins (2 Corinthians 5:21). In contrast to the JW view, the Bible consistently presents Jesus as the Lord God Almighty, worthy of all worship and praise (Revelation 5:12-13).

Who is Pastor Gino Jennings?

Pastor Gino Jennings is the leader of the First Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ, a ministry characterized by its strict holiness standards and a “Oneness” theology that rejects the doctrine of the Trinity. His teachings and ministry have prompted questions about how they align with biblical Christianity. From a scriptural standpoint, any doctrine that redefines the nature of God and the person of Jesus Christ must be carefully examined (2 Corinthians 11:4), as the Bible presents the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as distinct persons of the one true God (Matthew 28:19).

Finding Unity in Jesus Christ, Our Foundation

Focusing on Core Gospel Truths

In a world filled with diverse voices and traditions, true unity is essential. This unity is not found in a name or organization, but in a person: Jesus Christ. He is our firm and unchanging foundation.

Biblically, the “Church of Jesus Christ” refers to the universal body of all true believers, not a single denomination or group. This global family includes every person throughout history who has placed their faith in Him. We are bound together by core gospel truths.

What are these essential truths that unite us as followers of Jesus Christ?

• The Divinity of Jesus Christ: Jesus is not merely a prophet or a good teacher. He is God in the flesh—the Son of God, fully divine and fully human (John 1:1, 14). He shares the very nature of God.
• His Sinless Life: Jesus lived a perfect life without sin (Hebrews 4:15). This made Him the spotless Lamb of God, worthy to be our sacrifice.
• His Atoning Death: He willingly died on the cross as a substitute for our sins (Romans 5:8). His sacrifice paid the penalty we owed.
• His Bodily Resurrection: Jesus conquered death, rising physically from the grave on the third day (1 Corinthians 15:3-4). This proves His victory over sin and death.
• Salvation by Grace Through Faith: We are saved not by our own works, but by God’s grace through faith in Jesus Christ alone (Ephesians 2:8-9). This salvation is a free gift.
• The Authority of Scripture: The Bible is God’s inspired, inerrant Word (2 Timothy 3:16). It is our ultimate guide for all matters of faith and life.

While many groups use the name “Church of Jesus Christ,” their beliefs about these core truths can differ significantly. For instance, groups such as the Latter-day Saints (often called ‘LDS’ or ‘Mormons’) hold views on the nature of God, Jesus, and salvation that diverge from these historic biblical doctrines. Therefore, it is crucial to examine what any group believes about Jesus’s identity and work, always comparing it to Scripture. True Christian unity is found in the biblical Jesus.

Discerning Truth with Scripture

How can we navigate the various claims about faith and the “Church of Jesus Christ” today? The Bible is our compass. God’s Word empowers us to discern truth from error (Hebrews 4:12).

Many traditions, such as the “Church of Christ,” commendably emphasize a return to early Christian practices. However, it is vital that all interpretations, including “Church of Christ beliefs,” are measured against the entirety of Scripture. We must always ask: Does this teaching align with God’s complete revelation?

The “Community of Christ,” another group with historical ties to the Latter-day Saint movement, also presents its own understanding of Christian faith. For every group, our standard remains the same: the Bible.

Here are practical steps for discerning truth:

• Diligent Bible Study: Read the Bible regularly and prayerfully (Acts 17:11). Ask the Holy Spirit to illuminate God’s Word, building your understanding of sound doctrine.
• Pray for Wisdom: Ask God for discernment (James 1:5). He promises to give wisdom generously to all who ask.
• Test the Spirits: Do not believe every spirit, but test them to see if they are from God (1 John 4:1). This means evaluating all teachings and teachers against biblical truth.
• Examine the Fruit: Jesus taught that you will recognize people by their fruit (Matthew 7:15-20). Look for lives that reflect genuine repentance, love, and righteousness.
• Seek Godly Counsel: Engage with mature, biblically grounded believers (Proverbs 11:14). Their wisdom can provide valuable perspective.

Ultimately, true unity among believers flows from a shared commitment to the person and work of Jesus Christ as revealed in Scripture. This unity is not based on perfect agreement over minor practices, but on a steadfast devotion to the Lord Jesus Himself. He is the Son of God, our crucified and resurrected Savior, and the coming King (Philippians 2:9-11). He alone is the Way, the Truth, and the Life (John 14:6).

Frequently Asked Questions about Churches and Denominations

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Sources

1. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/documents/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19950325_fratelli-e-sorelle_en.html
2. https://www.britannica.com/event/Schism-of-1054
3. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/godhead?lang=eng
4. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/jesus-christ?lang=eng
5. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/salvation?lang=eng
6. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/scriptures?lang=eng
7. https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/missionary-program
8. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/temples/what-is-a-temple?lang=eng
9. https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/name-of-the-church
10. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/apostasy?lang=eng
11. https://www.churchofchrist.org/
12. https://www.uscirf.gov/news-releases/uscirf-spotlight-shincheonji-church-jesus
13. https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/church-name-style-guide
14. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/eternal-progression?lang=eng
15. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/manual/gospel-topics/scriptures?lang=eng